Random sample
Subset of a sampling population that is arrived
at be selecting units such that each possible unit
has a fixed and determinate probability of
selection. |
逢機樣品
群組樣品具有相同取樣機率之次樣品。 |
Raw agricultural commodity
Part of a crop used as a food or feed commodity
directly from the harvested crop without
processing- |
生鮮農產品
直接收穫共食用之農作物。 |
Raw data
All original laboratory records and
documentation, or verified copies thereof,
including data directly entered in a computer.
They are the results from the original activities
and observations in a GLP study. |
原始數據
記載實驗之操作及觀察的所有記錄、文件以
及經確認之複本．包括直接輸入儲存於電腦
者。 |
Recovery, analytical
Fraction or percentage of a pesticide residue
recoverable following extraction and analysis of
a matrix containing the pesticide. (after Gold et
al, 1987) |
回收率
含農藥之介質經由萃取分析．可回收之農藥
所佔之比例。 |
Redox potential
Electrical potential indicating the relative
activity of oxidised and reduced species. The
redox potential of an environmental matrix is a
measure of the extent to which oxidising species
are present to act as terminal electron acceptors
in respiration. |
氧化還原電位
用以表示氧化或還原能力之電位差。環境介
質之氧還電位常用於表示其做為呼吸作用
中，最終電子接受者的能力。 |
Re-entry interval
Minimum time between pesticide application
and human re-entry to a treated area,
Established by a regulatory authority to assure
safety of workers from exposure to residues. |
重入間隔
施用農藥後可再度進入該施藥區域之最短間
隔，用以確保工作人員不致暴露於殘留農
藥。 |
Reference dose
Expected dose resulting from human exposure
to a pesticide at the level at which it is regulated
in the environment. (US-EPA, 1992). See also
acceptable daily intake, tolerable daily intake. |
參考劑量
在管制情況下．估計人類可能接受之農藥劑
量。 |
Reference material
Material or substance containing pesticide of
interest at levels sufficiently homogenous and
well characterized to be used for the calibration
of an apparatus or assessment of analytical
method performance, (after Thompson and
Wood, 1995). See also certified reference
material. |
參照物質
供分析儀器校準或用以評估分析方法之農藥
標準品。 |
Registration
The process whereby the responsible national
government authority approves the sale and use
of a pesticide following the evaluation of
scientific data demonstrating that the pesticide
is effective for the purposes intended and not
unduly hazardous to human or animal health or
the environment. (FAO, 1986) |
登記
政府主管機關根據農藥實驗之科學數據．審
核證實該農藥具有所指稱之功效且不致造成
人類、動物及環境之危害，核准農藥之販賣
使用的流程。 |
Regulatory method
Validated analytical method which can be
applied using commonly available laboratory
equipment and instrumentation. A regulatory
method has the precision, specificity, limit of
determination, etc., needed to test compliance
with the regulation. |
管制標準方法
經確證運用一般實驗儀器設備可完成之分析
方法。具有其準確性、專一性及偵測極限。 |
Repeatability
For an analytical method, tile closeness of
agreement between results of measurements of
identical test material where individual
measurements are carried under changing
conditions such as: analyst, instrumentation,
location- conditions of use, time. (after
Metrology. 1984) |
可重複性
相同分析方法在不同實驗條件下．如．操作
者、操作地點、儀器設備、操作時間．使用
方式等．所獲致結果間相近之程度。 |
Resistance
Development of tolerance to a pesticide by a
target population, generally through natural
selection - |
抗藥性
目標生物棲群經過選汰對農藥產生耐受力的
現象。 |
Respiration
Energy -generating process in an organism
where an organic or inorganic compound serves
as the electron donor and an inorganic
compound (e.g. oxygen) serves as the electron
acceptor. |
呼吸作用
生物體產生能量之作用。由有機或無機之物
價提供電子而由無機物(如氧)接受電子。 |
Retention sample
Sample which is stored for a specified period in
case of a need for re-evaluation of data obtained
from the main laboratory samples. |
留滯樣品
由同一檢體中取出．保留一定期限．備供重
新驗證所需之樣品。 |
Risk
Probability of any defined hazard occurring
from exposure to a pesticide under specific
conditions. Risk i3 a function of the likelihood
of exposure and the likeiihood to harm
biological or other systems. See also hazard. |
風險
經過特定狀態之農藥暴露．造成特定傷害之
可能性。風險與暴露之可能性以及生物或其
他系統受傷害之可能性相關。 |
Risk assessment
Process of defining the risk associated with a
specified use pattern for a pesticide, usually
expressed as a numerical probability or as a
margin of safety. Quantifying risk ideally
requires, 1. Identification of hazard, 2.
Establishment of dose-response relationships in
likely target individuals and populations, 3.
Exposure assessment (using likely exposure
patterns as opposed to worst-case estimated).
(after Duffus, 1993) |
風險評估
定義特定之農藥使用形式所產生風險的過
程量化農藥使用之風險最好具備下列重點1.
會造成何種危害．2.對可能受害的標的生物
棲群估算劑量與反應的關係．3.暴露量評
估。 |
Risk management
Decision-making process and procedures used
by regulators and others to limit potential risks
from use of pesticides. This involves risk
assessment, emission control, exposure control
and evaluation of the success of the risk
mitigation efforts. |
風險管理
為減低農藥使用可能造成之風險．決策者所
採行之步驟及流程。通常包括風險評估、溢
放及暴露管制以及任何減低風險措施之成效
評估。 |
Rotational crop
Crop grown in sequence of two or more
different crops. |
輪作作物
依序栽植的二種或二種以上作物。 |
Run-off
1. Movement of a pesticide from a treated field
by surface water and eroding sediment.
2. Loss of formulation off foliage during spray
application, particularly at high volume. |
流失
1.農藥自施用區域經浸蝕由地面水移動的現
象。
2.農藥施別時自葉面流失的現象。 |
