Partition coefficient
Ratio of the concentration of a substance in
solution in two phases which are in equilibrium.
See Koc, Pow |
分配係數
物質在二種溶液中達到平衡分佈時濃度的比
例。 |
Parts per billion (ppb)
Ratio of amounts expressed as parts pesticide
per 10^9 sample. Strictly the quantities should be
the same i.e. weight to weight (solids) or volume
to volume (liquids or gases) e.g. 1ppb = 1 ug/kg.
A common usage is for weight to volume but to
avoid confusion it is recommended that the Sl
units are used rather than ppb; e.g. ug/L (Mills
etal.. 1993) |
十億分之一
樣品中農藥含量，其表示方式與回態物質之
重量比或液態物質之體積比相同．十億分之
一即等於每公斤中含一微克。為避免混淆．
體積與重量比之含量不應以此方式表示而
應直接以公制單位表示之．如每公升中所含
微克數。 |
Parts per million (ppm)
Ratio of amounts expressed as parts pesticide
per 10^6 sample, e.g. 1ppm = 1mg/kg. As wiuth
ppb it is recommended that the Sl units are used
rather than ppm; particularly for weights to
volume |
百萬分之一
樣品中農藥含量．其表示方式與固態物質之
重量土或液態物之質體積比相同．百萬分之
一即等於每公斤中含一毫克。為避免混淆．
體積與重量比之含量不應以此方式表示，而
應直接以公制單位表示之。 |
PED
Plasma emission detector. |
槳射偵測器 |
Pellet
Solid formulation of pesticide, larger than
granule, often used for molluscicide
formulation. |
藥丸劑
較粒劑之顆粒為大之固態農藥劑型．常用於
殺螺劑之製劑。 |
Persistence
Residence time of a chemical species (pesticide
and/or metabolites) subjected to degradation or
physical removal in a soil, crop, animal or other
defined environmental compartment. |
殘留期
農藥及其代謝產物在持定環境中經代謝分解
或其他物理化學作用移除前所滯留的時間。 |
Pest
Organism that attacks food and other materials
essential & mankind, or otherwise affect human
beings adversely. (after Duffus, 1993) |
有害生物
危害對人類具有重要性之作物或直接對人類
生活產生負面影響的生物。 |
Pesticide
Substance or mixture of substances intended for
preventing, destroying or controlling any pest,
including vectors of human or animal disease,
unwanted species of plants or animals causing
harm or otherwise interfering with the
production, processing, storage, transport, or
marketing of food, agricultural commodities,
wood, wood products or animal feedstuffs, or
which may be administered to animals for the
control of insects, mites/spider mites or other
pests in or on their bodies. The term includes
substances intended for use as a plant growth
regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or agent for
thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall
of fruit, and substances applied to crop either
before or after harvest to protect the commodity
from deterioration during storage or transport.
See also agrochemical, plant protection agent.
(FAO, 1986) |
農藥
用於預防、殺滅或控制包括傳染人畜疾病之
病媒、危害植物影響農林生產．倉儲運輸以
及販售之有害生物的物質。包含植物生長調
節劑、落葉劑、乾燥劑、以及防止未成熟落
果、提高農產品質量、減低倉儲損失等所施
用的藥劑。 |
Pesticide chemical name
Scientific name of a pesticide following the
recommendations of IUPAC for naming of
chemical compounds or other accepted naming
convention (e.g. Chemical abstracts). |
農藥化學名稱
遵循IUPAC或其他廣為國際接受之化學命名
原則，所制定之名稱。 |
Pesticide common name
Simple name assigned to a pesticide active
ingredient by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) to be used as a generic or
non-proprietary name. (after FAO, 1986) |
農藥普通名稱
由國際標準組織(lSO)為各農藥所制定之簡
單名稱。 |
Pesticide formulation
Pesticide product offered for sale. It generally
comprises active ingredient(s), adjuvant(s) and
other formulants combined to render the product
useful and effective for the purpose claimed.
(after FAO, 1986) |
農藥製劑
供販售使用之農藥產品。通常由農藥有效成
分．輔助劑以及其他製劑成分所組成，以達
成其所宣稱之效果。 |
Pesticide residue
Substance(s) which remains in or on a feed or
food commodity, soil. air or water following use
of a pesticide. For regulatory purposes it
includes the parent compound and any specified
derivatives such as degradation and convension
products, metabolites and impurities considered
to be of toxicological significance. (FAO, 1986) |
農藥殘留
於使用後殘留於食物．空氣或水中之農藥。
艘利於管理，殘留量包含農藥及其代謝分解
產物與具有毒性之有害不純物。 |
Pesticide residue definition
The pesticide, its metaboliles, derivatives and
related compounds to which the maximum
residue limit (MRL) applies, as specified by
Codex or a national regulatory authority. |
殘留農藥定義
指農藥及其代謝產物．衍生物等相關化合
物，用於定義農藥最高殘留限值。 |
Pesticide residue enforcement
Pesticide residue monitoring program where the
intention is regulatory action against non-
complying consignment |
加強農藥殘留管制
對末達農藥殘留管制標準所採行之殘留監測
與管制措施。 |
Pesticide residue monitoring
Sampling and analyses of pesticide residues in
biological and environmental samples taken
according to pre-arranged schedules. |
農藥殘留監測
依據預先擬訂之採樣計畫，自環境中採樣樣
品進行分析。 |
Pesticide trade name
Propreitary name assigned to a pesticide or its
formulations by the company manufacturing or
selling it |
農藥商品名稱
由農藥製造業者為方便銷售所制訂之成品農
藥名稍。 |
Phase I metabolism
Initial biotransformation of a pesticide. These
are mainly oxidative, reductive and hydrolytic
processes. |
第一階段代謝作用
農藥之初步生物轉化作用．通常為氧化．還
原或它火解作用。 |
Phase II metabolism
Biotransformation where the pesticide or phase
I metabolite is conjugated with a naturally
occurring compound (e.g. sugars, glutathione) |
第二階段代謝作用
經第一階段代謝的農藥再進行生物轉化作
用．與天然物結合。 |
Phloem
Part of the plant's vascular system adapted to
the transport of photosynthetic products from
leaves to the rest of of the plant. |
韌皮部
植物維管束結構中擔任由葉部運送光合作用
產物至植體其他各部之組織。 |
Photolysis
Chemical reaction caused by light in which a
bond is cleaved. (Calvert. 1990) |
光分解
化學鍵結因光作用而裂解之化學作用。 |
Plant growth regulator (PGR)
Naturally occurring or synthetic substance
which influences plant development or
reproduction but has no nutritive value. |
植物生長調節劑
可影響植物生長發育或緊殖而不具營養之天
然或人工合成化學物質。 |
Plaint protection agent
Pesticide product intended for use in agriculture
to protect crops. |
植物保護劑
用於農業上保護作物之藥劑。 |
Pollutant
Undesirable substance introduced into a solid,
liquid or gaseous environmental medium totally
or partially by human activities. See also
contaminant, (after Duffus, 1993) |
污染物
由人類活動所導入環境中曾肇致不良影響的
物質。 |
Population
Assemblage of individual organisms of defined
ages aud growth stages belonging to one species
within a specified location in space and time.
(US-EPA, 1992) |
棲群
在相同時空中由不同年齡個體之同種生物
所組成。 |
Post-emergence
Period after a crop or pest has appeared.
Herbicide usage can be referred to as post-
emergence (weeds) or post-emergence (crop). |
萌後
指在作物或有害生物萌發後之時期，如用於
描述除草劑之使用。 |
Precision
Closeness of agreement between independent
test results obtained under prescribed
conditions. (Thompson and Wood, 1995) |
精確性
柑同測試條件下．個別測試結果間之相符程
度。 |
Predicted environmental concentration
(PEC)
See estimated environmental concentration |
環境中預估濃度 |
Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC)
An estimated no-observable effect
concentration for an aquatic species of
ecosystem based on extrapolated experimental
exposure/response data. |
預估無毒害濃度
經由實驗數據推估之農藥對水生生物或其他
生態成員之無毒濃度(NOEC)。 |
Pre-emergence
Period before a specified crop or pest has
emerged. Generally applied to timing of
herbicide applications. Cf post-emergence. |
萌前
指在作物或有害生物萌發前之時期。常用於
描述除草劑之使用。 |
Preferential flow
Leaching phenomenon whereby water and a
dissolved pesticide precolating down through
the soil profile move more rapidly through soil
rnacropores or sand/gravel lens than through the
network of smaller pores in the bulk soil. |
優勢流動
溶解之農藥在土壤浸出現象中，較易自土壤
結構中較大孔隙浸流而出。 |
Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI)
The time interval between the last application of
a pesticide to a crop and harvest. See also
withholding period. |
安全採收期
最後一次施藥至作物採收前所間隔時間。 |
Primary sample
Collection of one or more increments or units
initially taken from a population. Note portions
may be combined (composition or aggregated
sample) or kept separate. (Horwitz-1990) |
原始樣品
直接自棲群中採取之樣品。 |
Prior informed consent (PIC)
Agreement of the designated national authority
in a participating country required before
international shipment can proceed of a
chemical which is banned or severely restricted
in order to protect human, health or the
environment, (after FAO, 1986) |
事前通報同意
國際間簽者之協定．為保護人類及環境安
全．協議於國際間運送已經禁用或限用之農
藥時所需。 |
Processed food
Product resulting from the application of
physical, chemical or biological processes, or
combinations of these (e.g. canning), to as
primary food commodity, and intended for sale
to the consumer, for use as an ingredient in the
manufacture of a food product or for further
processing. |
加工食品
經由物理、化學或生物等加工方式所生產的
食物，供直接消費後續加工使用。 |
