Macropore
Soil pore larger than 1 mm in diameter
including interparticle void, earthworm or
rodent burrow, diving crack, and decayed root
channel. See preferentiai flow |
大孔隙
土壤中大於1毫米孔徑的縫隙，包括土壤顆
粒間隙、蚯蚓戒鼠類所鑽之地下孔道、土壤
乾燥形成之裂縫以及植物根系腐敗後所餘留
的孔隙。 |
Margin of safety (MOS)
Ratio of the highest estimated or actual level of
exposure to a pesticide and the toxic threshold
level (usually the NOEC or NOEL). See also
uncertainty factor. (US-EPA, 1992) |
安全界限
農藥之估計最高暴露量或實測暴露量與毒害
界限(通常為無毒害濃度或無毒害劑量)之
比值。 |
Market basket survey
Pesticide residue monitoring on a wide range of
food items collected from consumer points of
sale and in proportions approximating
consumption patterns in the local population,
Samples are prepared for analysis according to
Codex guidelines i.e. minimal preparation. See
also total diet study. |
市場消費調查
依據各地消費者之消費型態．擬定取樣食物
種類及比例．所完成之農藥殘留量監測。 |
Matrix
The material or component sampled for
pesticide residue studies. |
基質
取樣用來分析農藥殘留量之材料。 |
Maximum residue limit (MKL)
Maximum concentration of a residue that is
legally permitted or recognized as acceptable in,
or on, a food, agricultural commodity or animal
feedstuff as set by Codex or national regulatory
authority. The term tolerance used in some
countries is, in most instance, synonymous with
MRL. Normally expressed as mg/kg fresh
weight. (after FAO, 1986) |
最高殘留限僅
依法核准容許殘留於食物．農產品或飼料之
農藥殘留量的最高濃度。通常以每公斤鮮重
中所含有農藥之毫克數表示之。 |
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD)
Highest dose of a pesticide in chrome toxicity
testing that is expected, on the basis of sub-
chronic studies, to produce only limited toxicity
when administered for the duration of the test
penod. (Duflus. 1993) |
最高耐受劑量
在慢性毒理測試中可能導致毒性反應之最高
劑量。 |
Median effective concentration (EC50)
Statistically derived concentration of a pesticide
in an environmental medium expected to
produce a certain effect in 50% of the test
organisms in a given population under defined
conditions. (Duffus, 1993) |
半數有效濃度
經由統計所導出農藥在環境介值中之濃度
值，在此濃度下可導致供試生物棲群半數個
體產生其種反應。 |
Median lethal concentration (LC50)
Statistically derived concentration of a pesticide
in an environmental medium expected to kill
50% of test organisms in a given population
under defined conditions. (Duffus. 1993) |
半數致死濃度
理由統計所導出農藥在環境介值中之濃度
值，在此濃度下可導致供試生物棲群半數死
亡。 |
Median lethal dose (LD50)
Statistically denved dose of a pesticide expected
to kill 50% of test organisms in a given
population under defined set of conditions.
Normally expresseu as mg of test material per
kg of body weight of the organism. (Duffus,
1993) |
半數致死劑量
經由統計所導出農藥之劑量，在此劑量下可
導致供試生物棲群半數死亡。通常以該生物
每公斤體重所接受之毫克數表下之。 |
Mesocosm
See model ecosystem |
中型生態系
參見模擬生態系。 |
Metabolism
Sum total of all physical and chemical processes
that take place within an organism; in a
narrower sense, the physical and chemical
changes that occur for a pesticide within an
organism. It includes uptake and distribution
within the body, changes (biodegradation), and
elimination of pesticides and their metabolites. |
代謝作用
農藥在生物體內為各種理化反應而造成之改
變。包括農藥及其代謝物在體內之吸收．分
佈生物分解以及自體內排除之所有作用過
程。 |
Metabolites
Any intermediate or product resulting from
metabolism, (after Duffus, 1993) |
代謝物
所有代謝作用之中間或最終產物。 |
Microcosm
See model ecosystem. |
微觀生態系
參見 模擬生態系。 |
Mineralisation
Conversion of an element from an organic form
to an inorganic form. Mineralisation of
pesticides most commonly refers to the
microbial degradation to carbon dioxide as a
terminal metabolite. See also immobilization. |
礦化作用
元素由有機型態轉換為無機型態之作用。農
藥之礦化作用通常指其經微生物代謝．最終
代謝物為二氧化碳。 |
Model
Experimental or mathematical simulation of
chemical behavior in a specific environment.
(ASTM, 1984) |
模式
以實驗或數學模擬化學物質在環境中之變化
方式。 |
Model calibration
Testing of a model with known input and output
information for adjustment or estimation of
factors for which data are not available. (ASTM,1984) |
模式校試
以已知結果之數據測試模式以便進行模式中
未知數之調整或估算。 |
Model, computer
Assembly of numerical techniques (algorithms),
bookkeeping, and control language (i.e. the
computer program) comprising a mathematical
model and which carries out acceptance of input
data and instructions through to delivery of
output, (after ASTM 1984) |
電腦模式
結合數學運算．數據紀錄及電腦程式語言所
發展出的數學模式，可用於輸人數據並引導
產生結論資訊。 |
Model, conceptual
Qualitative depiction of a specific environment
that describes the linkage between the different
compartments. A conceptual model is required
before a quantitative simulation model can be
developed. (Cohen et at.. in press) |
觀念模式
在實體定量模式構建完成前．對環境中組成
間關聯性定義之描述性模式。 |
Model ecosystem
Man-made study system containing associated
organism and abiotic components that is large
enough to be representative of a natural
ecosystem, yet small enough to be
experimentally manipulated. There is some
subjective differentiation between larger,
outdoor model ecosystem (mesocosms) and
smaller, generally indoor model ecosystems
(microcosms). |
模擬生態系
大小足以代表自然生態系，用於試驗之人造
生態系統。包括室外之中型模擬生態系，以
及在室內構建、較小型之微觀生態系。 |
Model validation
0Comparison of model results with numerical
data independently derived from experiments or
observations of the environment. (ASTM,1984)
|
模式驗證
比較不同實驗數據由模式所導出之結果。 |
Model verification
Examination of the numerical technique in the
computer code to ascertain that it truly
represents the conceptual model and that there
are no inherent numerical problems with
obtaining a solution. (A.STM. 1984) |
模式確認
檢視電腦模式以確定其可足以表達觀念模式
且在導出結果時不會發生運算錯誤。 |
Multiresidue method
Analytical method which measures a number of
pesticide residues simultaneously. |
殘留量多重分析法
可同時檢測多種農藥殘留量的分析方法。 |
