Bait
A food or other substance used to attract a pest
to a pesticide or trap where it can be destroyed. |
誘餌
誘引害物，使其為農藥毒殺或遭陷阱捕程的
一種食物或且它物質。 |
Batch
A quantity of material which is known or
assumed to be produced under uniform
conditions. (Horwitz, 1990) |
批料
在相同條件下所生產之物料。 |
Benthos
Non-planktonic animals (not being suspended
in water) associated with freshwater substrata
(upper layer of the sediment in rivers and
ponds) at the sediment-water interface. (Wetzel,
1983) |
底棲動物
生活在界於淡水與底泥表層間的非浮游性動
物。 |
Bioaccumulfition
Progressive increase in the amount of a
substance in an organism or part of an organism
which occurs because the rate of intake exceeds
the organisms ability to remove the pesticide
from the body. (after Duffus, 1993) |
生物累積
當生物對農藥之攝取速率大於其排除之速率
時．累積在生物體內之農藥量持續增加的現
象稱之。 |
Bioactivation
Transformation of a pesticide within an
organism into a more biochemically active
metabolite. |
生物活化
農藥在生物體內轉化為較具生化活性之代謝
物的現象。 |
Bioavailability
Extent to which a pesticide residue can be taken
up into an organism from its food and
environment, and the rate at which this occurs.
(Dufflis, 1993) |
生物利用率
農藥殘留量可為生物由食物或環境中攝取的
程度及其速率。 |
Bioconcentratiun
Process leading to a higher concentration of a
pesticide in an organism than in environmental
media to which il is exposed, (after Duffus, |
生物濃縮
生物自其周圍環境中攝取農藥而致含較高濃
度之過程。 |
Bioconcentration factor (BCF)
Ratio between "the concentration of the pesticide
in an organism or tissue and the concentration
in the environmental matnx (usually water) at
apparent equilibrium during the uptake phase.
(alter Rand and Petrocelli, 1985) |
生物濃縮係數
農藥在生物體或組織中的濃度與其所處環境
介值(通常為水)中的濃度經平衡後之比值。 |
Biodegradation
Conversion or breakdown of the chemical
structure of a pesucide catalysed by enzymes in
vitro or in vivo resulting in loss of biological
activity. For hazard assessment, categories of
chemical degradauon include 1. Primary - loss
of specific activity. 1 Environmentally
acceptable - loss of any undesirable activity
(inclnding any toxic metabolites) 3. Ulumate
mineralisation to small molecules such as warer
and carbon dioxide, fafler Duffus. 1993) |
生物分解
農藥在生體內或生體外由酵素催化之轉化或
分解而失去其生物活性的現象。為評估化學
物質之風險，物質之轉化可大致劃分為
1.初始 - 失去特定作用活性。
2.其本身及代謝產物失去有害性質而可為環
境接受。
3.最終 - 礦化為小分子，如水和二氧化碳
等。 |
Biological assessment of exposure
Assessment of exposure of a living organism to
pesticides using biological specimens (blood.,
urine etc.) taken in the environment (workplace,
field etc.) with analysis either directly by
chemical determination of parent or metabolite,
or indirectly by measurement of a relavant
biochemical parameter (e.g plasma
cholinesterase activity for organophosphorus
compounds), (after DuGus, 1993) |
暴露量之生物評估
利用採自環境中(如田野, 工作場所等)生
物之樣本(如血．尿等) 直接分析其中農
藥或其代謝產物．或間接測驗相關的生化介
量(如測定血清膽鹼酯酵素活性以反應有機
磷類農藥)．以評估生物體之暴露量。 |
Biological indicator
Species or group of species which is
representative and typical for a specific status of
an ecosystem, which appears frequently enough
to serve for monitoring and whose population
shows a sensitive response to changes. e.g. the
appearance of a pesticide in the ecosystem. (US-
ERA, 1992) |
指標生物
用以代表特定生態環境狀態之特定生物種或
數種生物。這種或這些生物在環境中發生較
多以致易於觀察，且對環境變化．如農藥．
之反應敏感。 |
Biomagniiication
Bioaccumulalion of a pesticide through an
ecological food chain by transfer of residues
from the diet into body tissues. The tissue
concentration increases at each trophic level in
the food web when there is efficient uptake and
slow elimination. (Rand and Petrocelli, 1983) |
生物放大
農藥殘留量經由食物鏈轉移進人生物組織．
在食物網中較高的營養階層．由於其攝取
快、排除慢．組織中農藥濃度較高。 |
Biomariker
Indicator (molecuair, biochemical, cellular or
organism) signalling an event or condition in a
biological system or sample and giving a
measure of exposure to, effect of, or
susceptibility to, a xenobiotic. (after Duffus,
1993) |
生物標誌
任何分子的、生化的．細胞的或生體的指標
可反映生物受外來物質影響之狀態或對其感
受性。 |
Biamass
The total living mass in a defined segment of an
ecosystem expressed as the living weight per
unit area or mass. Soil microbial biomass is
often used as an indication of potential
microbial activity level in soil. |
生物量
在指定的生態區間內所有生物的質量，通常
以每單位面積或質量中生物之重量表示之。
土壤微生物的生物量通常用以表示土壤微生
物之活性。 |
Biometer flask
Experimental apparatus commonly used in
laboratory studies of pesticide degradation in
soil. Contains separate compartments for
aerobic incubation of soil and for media to trap
| carbon dioxide and volatile products. |
生物計，微量二氧化碳計量器
農藥在土壤中代謝實驗用裝置。包括土壤之
虛理裝冒及收集吸附二氧化碳與其他揮發性
產物之裝置等部分。 |
Biopesticide
Pesticide of biological origin including
microorganisms e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis and
natural products e.g. rotenone, pyrethrins. |
生物農藥
源自於生物之農藥。包括微生物，如蘇力菌；
天然化合物，如魚藤精、除蟲菊情。 |
Biotransformation
Conversion of the chemical structure of a
pesticide catalysed by enzymes in vitro or in
vivo. See biodegradation. |
生物轉化
農藥在生體內或生體外由酵素催化之轉化或
分解而失去其生物活性的現象。另參見生物
分解。 |
Biotransformation pathway
Sequence of the changes occunine in the
structure of a pesticide when it is introduced
into a specific biological test system. |
生物轉化途徑
農藥進入特定生物體系內．其化學結構變化
的程序。
|
Blank material (sample)
Laboratory simulated test material known to be
free of the pesticide being analysed. A portion of
blank material is used to test the method,
apparatus and reagents for interferences or
contamination. See also control sample, (after
Thompson and Wood, 1995) |
空白樣品
已知不合特定分析對象農藥之實驗用模擬樣
品。空白樣品用於測試實驗方法、設備及試
劑等可能的污染或對分析結果之干優。另參
見對照樣品。 |
Bound residue
Chemical species in soil, plant or animal tissue
originating from a pesticide, (generally radio
labelled) that are unextracted by a standard
method, such as Soxhlet solvent extraction,
which does not significantly change the
chemical nature of the residues. These,
unextractable residues are considered to exclude
small fragments recycled through metabolic
pathways into natural products, (after Roberts,
1984) |
束縛殘留量
土壤．植物或動物體內殘存之源於農藥分子
之化學結構．無法以一般標準之萃取方法抽
出者。不包括經由代謝途徑形成天然產物的
部份。 |
Breakdown
see degradation. |
分解
農藥分子經由生物或非生物之轉換，降解為
較簡單結構之過程。英文同義字有
degradation, decomposition等，另參見：生物
分解、礦化。 |
Buffer zone
Distance for environmental protection between
the edge of an area where pesticide application
is permitted and a sensitive non-target area e.g.
water course |
緩衝區
介於農藥施用地區及敏感非目標區如水庫等
為環境保護需要而設之安全距離。 |
